Simultaneous FDM 4D printing and magnetizing of iron-filled polylactic acid polymers

4D printing magnetic structures with excellent strength activated a low level of field are always desired but challenging. This work studies the influence simultaneous magnetization on magneto-mechanical performance 4D-printed active polymers. The main aim is to magnetise iron polylactic acid (PLA) material during via fused deposition modelling (FDM) process. During process, samples performed in various states. Specimens printed three states two magnets around area, under and without magnets, at angles 0, 45, 90° applied field. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), mechanical tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) used investigate effects different conditions, properties angles, microstructure samples. Results show that edge magnet saturated higher specific compared direction increases by 63.46% applying 21.4% when present, 0° angle along tension direction. has better region rather than one it, which independent impact angle. Finally, optimal mode for obtaining appropriate characteristics bed